![]() B cells secrete antibodies to target extracellular antigen, T cells target intracellular antigens. These two lymphocytes also differ in their mode of action. B cells originate and develop in the bone marrow, whereas precursors of T cells originate in the bone marrow but migrate to the thymus for further development ( 7). The adaptive immune system comprises lymphocytes B lymphocytes (B cells) and T lymphocytes (T cells) are components of the humoral and cell-mediated immunity, respectively. This system relies on the precision and long memory of immune cells ( 6). The adaptive immune system is specific for the pathogen and is comprised of the differentiated forms of lymphocytes.Īll of the innate immune system components can interact with the third line of defense, referred to as the adaptive immune system or acquired immune system. The innate immune system is a nonspecific defense mechanism comprised of neutrophil, basophil, eosinophil, monocytes, and their differentiated forms. Components of physical barriers include skin, mucous membrane, stomach acid, and other body secretions like tears and saliva. These components fundamentally belong to three categories: anatomical and physiological barriers, innate immunity, and adaptive immunity. All these processes result in the recruitment of more immune cells to the site of injury to defend the tissue against the pathogen.īarriers to infection: immune system has several components to block the entry of pathogens. ![]() Innate immune system activation by PAMPs and DAMPs causes inflammation by generating heat, redness, pain, swelling, and loss of tissue function, which is associated with vascular permeability changes, leukocyte recruitment, and accumulation and release of inflammatory mediators ( 5). Both PAMPs and DAMPs are recognized through pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) ( 4). Some examples of extracellular component DAMPs include biglycan, fibrinogen, and tenascin C intracellular component DAMPs include S100 protein, heat shock protein (HSP), ATP, histones, HMGB1, DNA, RNA, mitochondrial DNA, defensins, and syndecans ( 3). Both extracellular and intracellular components, which include elements of different cellular organelles, constitute DAMPs. These molecules are referred to as danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). Alternatively, the host tissue damage activates the innate immune system by releasing endogenous danger molecules from the damaged or dying cells. The innate immune system is often activated by molecules present on the pathogens such as bacterial lipopolysaccharide, bacterial cell wall components, and viral DNA/RNA, often referred to as pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) ( 2). Pathogens breaching the first line of defense are met with the innate immune system, the second line of defense, which comprises of macrophages, dendritic cells, natural killer cells, monocytes, neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils, mast cells, and complement proteins ( 1). The first line of defense against pathogens comprises of our skin, mucous membrane, stomach acid, and other body secretions like tears and saliva ( 1). Different lines of defenses exist to combat the entry of a harmful intruder ( Fig. The immune system comprises a complex network of cells that communicate with each other to neutralize or eliminate pathogens and molecules that would, otherwise, damage our body. ![]() We also postulate that SIRT6 could act as a master regulator of immune cell metabolism and function by regulating critical signaling pathways. Here, we hypothesize that the sirtuin, SIRT6, could be a negative regulator of the Warburg effect. Immune cells depend on the Warburg effect for their growth, proliferation, secretory, and effector functions. Moreover, switching between these metabolic pathways needs to be tightly regulated to achieve the best results. ![]() Dynamic switching between these metabolic pathways is needed for optimal function of the immune cells. The three most critical metabolic pathways on which immune cells depend to meet their energy needs are oxidative metabolism, glycolysis, and glutaminolysis. Cells utilize diverse fuel sources and switch back and forth between different metabolic pathways depending on their energy needs. Cellular metabolism controls all of these intricate processes. Multiple factors, including pathogen processing, identification, secretion of mediator and effector molecules, and immune cell proliferation and differentiation into various subsets, constitute the success of mounting an effective immune response. For more information, see About the Repository.The ability to ward off pathogens with minimal damage to the host determines the immune system's robustness. Click the name of an author to see a listing of that person's work. Listing of authors who have works in this repository as of July 14, 2023. ![]()
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